The rich keep getting richer in India! Says who?

This paper considers the dynamics of income distributional pattern in India. If reforms are pro-rich then would see emergence of twin peaks in the underlying income distribution function in India (i.e.clustering of the rich people, and clustering of the poor people). On the other hand, a uniform growth process at a pan-India level will lead to the disappearance of any such clusters.Income distribution, India, economic reform, equity

Partition functions of Polychronakos like spin chains associated with polarized spin reversal operators

We construct polarized spin reversal operator (PSRO) which yields a class of representations for the $BC_N$ type of Weyl algebra, and subsequently use this PSRO to find out novel exactly solvable variants of the $BC_N$ type of spin Calogero model. The strong coupling limit of such spin Calogero models generates the $BC_N$ type of Polychronakos spin chains with PSRO. We derive the exact spectra of the $BC_N$ type of spin Calogero models with PSRO and compute the partition functions of the related spin chains by using the freezing trick. We also find out an interesting relation between the partition functions of the $BC_N$ type and $A_{N-1}$ type of Polychronakos spin chains. Finally, we study spectral properties like level density and distribution of spacing between consecutive energy levels for $BC_N$ type of Polychronakos spin chains with PSRO.Comment: 34 pages, 2 figures, minor typos corrected, 3 references adde

Is India shining?

In India, the popular perception is economic reforms have benefited the rich more than the poor leading to an unequal income distribution, as in Quah's twin peaks hypothesis. In this article we test this hypothesis by studying the spatial dynamics of income distribution. Using district-level per-capita income we find that the income distribution has not changed. The perception about economic reforms having benefitted only the rich is not correct because income growth across districts is positively correlated spatially. Thus there is a positive spatial multiplier effect on income and growth. In addition, we also identify physical infrastructure, human capital, and factories, as factors responsible for increase in income for both the rich, and the poor districts

A comprehensive assessment of minimum quantity lubrication machining from quality, production, and sustainability perspectives

T h e a rti cle pres ent s m i nim u m q uanti ty l ub ri cati o n (MQ L ) machini ng o f T i- 6 Al -4V in a co l lect ive fr amew o r k o f mul ti ple ob j e ct i ve s - qu al it y (su rfa ce ro ug hness ) , enviro nm ental f ri e ndli ne ss (specifi c cutt i n g ener gy, t o o l w e ar, and o i l co nsumpt ion), and pr o duct io n (mat e rial r em o val ra t e and too l wear ). In o ne o f the f i r st o f i ts ki nd , t h e pr op ose d app ro ach uses c utt i n g fl uid p ara m eter s (oil qu ant it y in the o il +air m i x t ur e, air pr essu re, and pr op or t ion o f o i l at the r ake and f l an k f ace) alo ng w it h machini ng par amet e rs i n m ult i-ob j e ct i ve met a -heur i sti c o pti mi zati o n. T h e i nve st igat ion r evea l s t h at the thr ee o b j e c t ives a re dist inct functi o ns o f pr oce ss i np ut s . T hu s, f ocus o n o ne o f t h e o bjecti ve s - q uali ty , pr o ducti o n, and e nvi r onmental as pect s - h ampers t h e o t he rs. A r easo nab l e b alance be t ween the thre e a spect s ca n b e a chi eve d thr ou gh sim ult a neo us o pt im iz ati o n. Pre ci s e co nt r ol o ver cut ti ng f l uid par amet e rs, esp eci all y t h e o i l pr o po rti o n at r ak e and flank f ace, i s a m ajo r factor that helps in im pr o v i ng enviro nm ental fr i end l iness and p ro ducti vit y. T h e findi ng s o f the i nvest i g at ion w il l be use ful fo r pr epar i ng a gui d el ine fo r si mul taneo us select i o n of machi ning and cu t ti ng flui d par amet e rs fo r e cono mi c a nd enviro nm ental vi a ble m anu fact u re o f q uali ty pr o duct s

Turbulence and cooling in galaxy cluster cores

We study the interplay between turbulent heating, mixing, and radiative cooling in an idealized model of cool cluster cores. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets are expected to drive turbulence and heat cluster cores. Cooling of the intracluster medium (ICM) and stirring by AGN jets are tightly coupled in a feedback loop. We impose the feedback loop by balancing radiative cooling with turbulent heating. In addition to heating the plasma, turbulence also mixes it, suppressing the formation of cold gas at small scales. In this regard, the effect of turbulence is analogous to thermal conduction. For uniform plasma in thermal balance (turbulent heating balancing radiative cooling), cold gas condenses only if the cooling time is shorter than the mixing time. This condition requires the turbulent kinetic energy to be $\gtrsim$ the plasma internal energy; such high velocities in cool cores are ruled out by observations. The results with realistic magnetic fields and thermal conduction are qualitatively similar to the hydrodynamic simulations. Simulations where the runaway cooling of the cool core is prevented due to {\em mixing} with the hot ICM show cold gas even with subsonic turbulence, consistent with observations. Thus, turbulent mixing is the likely mechanism via which AGN jets heat cluster cores. The thermal instability growth rates observed in simulations with turbulence are consistent with the local thermal instability interpretation of cold gas in cluster cores.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures; replaced by the MNRAS-accepted versio

Diagnostics of nonergodic extended states and many body localization proximity effect through real-space and Fock-space excitations

We provide real-space and Fock-space (FS) characterizations of ergodic, nonergodic extended (NEE) and many-body localized (MBL) phases in an interacting quasiperiodic system, namely generalized Aubry-Andr\'e-Harper model, which possesses a mobility edge in the non-interacting limit. We show that a mobility edge in the single-particle (SP) excitations survives even in the presence of interaction in the NEE phase. In contrast, all SP excitations get localized in the MBL phase due to the MBL proximity effect. We give complementary insights into the distinction of the NEE states from the ergodic and MBL states by computing local FS self-energies and decay length associated, respectively, with the local and the non-local FS propagators. Based on a finite-size scaling analysis of the typical local self-energy across the NEE to ergodic transition, we show that MBL and NEE states exhibit qualitatively similar multifractal character. However, we find that the NEE and MBL states can be distinguished in terms of the decay of the non-local propagator in the FS, whereas the typical local FS self-energy cannot tell them apart.Comment: 17 pages, 15 figures (main text + Appendices